<!-- TITLE: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation --> <!-- SUBTITLE: Dennis Schutter --> + First noninvasive stimulation was in 1980 + The high voltages needed for this method caused discomfort + Wasn't practical + In 1985, induction provided the grounds to do TMS painlessly --- + a magnetic pulse incites a current in neurons, creating a potential and depolarizing + TMS has the direct effect on what's right under the scalp, but also indirect effects on functionally connected regions + has the benefit of being able to causally relate a functional unit to an outcome + if TMS is applied repeditively, its effects last after the treatment + slow rTMS (1Hz) attenuates excitability + fast rTMS (5Hz) augments excitability + "motor threshold" is how much TMS it takes to get a finger twitching + subthreshold targets immediate area + superthreshold targets functionally connected units as well